VPN Transparency Project

Tag: datacamp limited

  • Hotspot Shield

    Hotspot Shield

    Hotspot Shield

    Hotspot Shield is a VPN service that has been around since 2008, making it one of the older players in the market. The service gained notoriety for its use by dissidents during the Arab Spring protests in the early 2010s. However, its reputation took a hit in 2016 when researchers cited Hotspot Shield in a research paper for using tracking libraries in their VPN service. A year later, the Center for Democracy and Technology accused the company of engaging in unfair and deceptive trade practices. In 2018, a researcher discovered a data leak, further eroding Hotspot Shield’s reputation. As a result, many websites stopped recommending the service.

    Despite these negative events, Hotspot Shield got a fresh start in 2019 when it became part of the Pango family of products. The VPN service was then acquired by a company called Aura in July 2020. With these recent changes in ownership, we felt it was a good time to take another look at Hotspot Shield. During our research and testing, we identified both positives and negatives of the service, and we also uncovered some interesting facts about Hotspot Shield and its parent companies. While we will delve into the corporate complexities at a later time, our findings provide a comprehensive overview of Hotspot Shield and its suitability as a VPN provider.

    Baked with adware

    Similar to VPN 360, the Hotspot Shield app routinely pings multiple advertising domains which is immediately a red flag. Any company that injects tracking codes into their apps immediately lose credibility in my eyes, and I take all of their promises and core principles with a grain of salt. I also discovered the app pinging various subdomains from yahoo.com There are much, much better VPNs that fight to protect your privacy – for less money. Here are the most commonly accessed domains from the app:

    • adcolony.com
    • adtilt.com
    • unity3d.com
    • doubleclick.net
    • supersonicads.com
    • dewrain.life
    • ssacdn.com
    A complicated history

    The corporate structure of Hotspot Shield is complex, and it has undergone significant changes over the years. The VPN service was developed by AnchorFree in 2008, a company based in Redwood City, California. Despite being a popular VPN service, Hotspot Shield faced a setback in 2017 when the Center for Democracy and Technology accused AnchorFree of deceptive trade practices. In 2018, a security researcher discovered a bug in the Hotspot Shield client that exposed user data.

    In 2019, Hotspot Shield joined Pango, a new company that offers a suite of security and privacy products. Like AnchorFree, Pango is based in Redwood City, California.

    In July 2020, Pango joined Aura, a digital security company. According to Hari Ravichandran, the founder, and CEO of Aura, the goal of all this activity is to:

    …build the best all-in-one digital protection platform for consumers. With the scale achieved through these transactions, we continue our journey to build and expand our integrated security platform. Our vision is fueled by our commitment to make digital security simple, user-friendly and accessible to everyone.

    Shady logging practices

    Sure enough, when I clicked on the VPN’s privacy policy on its website, I was redirected to Aura’s general policy for all of its products. While Hotspot Shield claims it doesn’t store any information that can be linked back to you, Aura states it logs the following:

    • Information about the domains you access when connected.
    • Usage information such as connection timestamps, frequency of use, and bandwidth used.
    • Device information including identifiers, operating systems, browser type, internet service provider, and network information.
    • Approximate location information (obtained from logging your IP address, albeit encrypted).
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  • VPN 360

    VPN 360

    VPN 360 is a virtual private network (VPN) app that allows users to protect their online privacy and security by encrypting their internet connection and routing it through a private server. It is one of the security products offered by Pangu whose parent company is Aura. VPN 360 is available for both Android and iOS devices, and can be downloaded for free from the Google Play Store or the Apple App Store. VPN 360 offers both free and paid subscription options. The free version of the app has some limitations, such as slower connection speeds and a limited selection of servers. The paid subscription offers faster connection speeds, more server locations, and other additional features.

    Our first major problem with VPN 360, and it’s all because of their logging policy. Their so-called “privacy policy” clearly states that they’ll hand over your information to the authorities without hesitation, and there are a ton of exceptions where they’ll collect and give up your data. Honestly, we find this policy completely unacceptable and we wouldn’t recommend trusting it, especially since VPN 360 is a paid service.

    Tracking code

    Similar to Hotspot Shield, the VPN 360 app routinely pings multiple advertising domains which is immediately a red flag. Any company that injects tracking codes into their apps immediately lose credibility in my eyes, and I take all of their promises and core principles with a grain of salt. I also discovered the app pinging various subdomains from yahoo.com There are much, much better VPNs that fight to protect your privacy – for less money. Here are the most commonly accessed domains from the app:

    • adcolony.com
    • adtilt.com
    • unity3d.com
    • doubleclick.net
    • supersonicads.com
    • dewrain.life
    • ssacdn.com
    No OpenVPN or WireGuard configs

    Another worrisome part of this service is the fact that the only protocols they offer are IPSec and Hydra. Hydra is a proprietary VPN protocol developed by the cybersecurity company, AnchorFree. According to AnchorFree, Hydra VPN is designed to provide “faster and more reliable connections” compared to other VPN protocols such as OpenVPN and IPSec. The fact that they do not offer WireGuard confirms the fact that I would never use this product.

    Unfortunately, VPN 360 is just another one of those “free” VPN apps that’s mobile-only and barely even worth considering. Don’t waste your time with it – it’s security and privacy features are weak, its connection speeds are completely unreliable, and it doesn’t even work with Netflix. Plus, the app is absolutely riddled with ads. Seriously, there are so many other VPN options out there that are way safer and more trustworthy – go with one of those instead.

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  • StrongVPN

    StrongVPN

    StrongVPN is a virtual private network (VPN) service provider. A VPN is a service that encrypts a device’s internet connection and routes it through a server in a location of the user’s choosing. This can be used to protect the user’s privacy and security online, as well as to access content that may be restricted in their location. StrongVPN offers a range of VPN plans and features, including support for multiple devices, unlimited bandwidth, and a variety of security protocols. The company is based in the United States and has been in operation since 2005.

    StrongVPN, formerly Black Oak Computers / Reliable Hosting / Overplay, is owned by Ziff Davis (formerly J2 Global) who owns NetProtect who operates IPVanish as well as StrongVPN.

    Is StrongP2P safe for torrenting?

    In the book Resistance, Liberation Technology and Human Rights in the Digital Age by Giovanni Ziccardi, he writes:

    This company did not directly answer questions but pointed to their logkeeping policy instead. StrongVPN do log and are able to match an external IP address to their subscribers. They were the most outwardly aggressive provider in the survey when it came to dealing with infringement. “StrongVPN does not restrict P2P usage, but please note sharing of Copyrighted materials is forbidden, please do not do this or we will have to take action against your account”

    “StrongVPN Notice: You may NOT distribute copyright-protected material through our network. We may cancel your account if that happens.”

    Privacy Policy

    The StrongVPN privacy policy is reasonably transparent and does not appear to have any major contradictions. However, a few aspects stand out as potential privacy concerns:

    • They collect email addresses, payment information, names, credit cards, and billing addresses to create accounts. This is quite a bit of personal information.
    • They use cookies and allow third party cookies for analytics and functionality. Users have to opt out of each third party cookie separately.
    • They may send marketing and promotional emails, requiring users to actively unsubscribe.
    • They disclaim warranties and liability, reducing accountability.
    • Users have to take multiple steps to exercise data rights like deletion. StrongVPN can retain data if needed for legal reasons.
    • They can monitor, restrict, or suspend accounts without notice for any reason. This could enable unfettered surveillance.
    • Data can be shared across their corporate group and third party processors quite freely.
    • Data is transferred internationally, with some protection measures. Local laws may differ.
    • Retention periods are vaguely defined as “necessary” for purposes in the policy.

    Overall the policy seems standard for a VPN provider, but the collection of personal information, broad data sharing allowances, and power to monitor/suspend accounts stand out as areas of concern that could impact privacy. The policy meets transparency requirements but still merits careful review by users.

    Terms of Service

    Users should carefully scrutinize the StrongVPN Terms of Service before signing up for the VPN service. Several clauses in the Terms grant StrongVPN alarming levels of discretion when it comes to monitoring, restricting, and terminating user accounts without notice. Users must agree to binding arbitration and waive rights to class action lawsuits, severely limiting legal recourse options. Additionally, StrongVPN disclaims all warranties and liability on their end, removing accountability for services. The Terms also give StrongVPN broad rights to collect and use customer data with few constraints. Restrictions like prohibiting account sharing among household members seem unnecessarily strict as well.

    Overall, the StrongVPN Terms of Service appear heavily stacked against users and in favor of StrongVPN’s interests. Users have little power or recourse under the Terms as written. StrongVPN reserves the right to change the Terms anytime without directly notifying users beyond posting to their website. Those concerned about privacy and accountability are advised to fully review the StrongVPN privacy policy and Terms of Service before subscribing. Important to understand exactly what user data StrongVPN collects, how they use it, and what options users have. Proceed with caution given the broad disclaimers and unilateral power granted to StrongVPN under the Terms of Service.

  • Brave

    Brave

    Brave is a free and open-source browser that prioritizes security and speed by automatically eliminating advertisements and website trackers. Based on the Chromium web browser, this browser was designed by the Brave software developer to provide consumers with an excellent browsing experience.

    The Brave browser functions on Android, iOS and desktop computers. People can also use Brave search on any browser and set Brave as the default search engine. This privacy browser is three times faster than Chrome and offers superior Google protection. Brave is a popular security browser with a user base of over 50 million people.

    But when you are using Brave VPN, who’s servers are you really using? Interestingly enough, Brave VPN is actually Guardian VPN rebranded. According to my research, Guardian / Brave VPN predominantly uses CDN77, OVH, and Hydra Communications servers.

    Network Analysis

    Guardian, as a smaller VPN provider, presents an interesting case when considering its diversity indices, comprising of the Shannon Diversity Index (SDI) for Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs), the Country Diversity Index (GDI), and the City Diversity Index (CDI).

    Guardian’s SDI value of 1.22 places it at the lower end of the spectrum compared to other VPNs. This low value implies a lower diversity of ASNs among its VPN servers, suggesting that Guardian’s network might be more susceptible to network failures or targeted attacks.

    Comparatively, the GDI for Guardian is 1.78, indicating a limited diversity in the country locations of their servers. This suggests that Guardian’s service might not provide as wide a geographic coverage or as many country-specific access points as other VPNs such as Cyberghost or ExpressVPN.

    Finally, the CDI for Guardian stands at 2.79, again indicating a lower city-level diversity compared to other providers. This could imply that users might have fewer options in terms of city-specific server locations, which might be a critical factor for those seeking to bypass geographic content restrictions or for those prioritizing local server access.

    Comparatively, smaller VPNs like Mullvad and Privado demonstrate higher diversity indices across all three dimensions. Therefore, while Guardian’s overall performance can’t solely be determined by these indices, these figures suggest that its network diversity – at both the ASN and geographic levels – may be limited relative to both larger providers and similar-sized competitors.

    As always, it’s important to remember that these indices only provide one perspective on network performance and resilience. Other factors such as the specific ISPs involved, the quality of server infrastructure, the network’s overall capacity, and how the VPN service is managed and maintained, are also crucial considerations when evaluating a VPN service.

  • ProtonVPN

    ProtonVPN

    ProtonVPN is a virtual private network (VPN) service provided by Proton Technologies AG, the company behind the email service ProtonMail. ProtonVPN was created to provide a secure, private, and censorship-free internet connection to people all over the world. It encrypts your internet connection and hides your IP address, making it difficult for hackers, ISPs, and governments to track your online activity. ProtonVPN is available on various platforms, including Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS. It offers a variety of subscription plans to suit different needs, including a free plan with limited features.

    What services are available when you’re connected to ProtonVPN?

    Nothing is more frustrating than connecting to your VPN, heading over to your favorite streaming service… Only to find out your connection is blocked. Unfortunately, it’s a never ending cat and mouse game. We decided to test our experience using ProtonVPN servers based in the United States as well as a few random foreign countries. Note: Registering an account while connected to a VPN may be blocked entirely, the tests below reflect establish a connection from an account that’s already logged in (to simulate someone traveling).

    ServiceBlocked / Restricted
    Amazon PrimeLimited; some IP ranges are blocked
    NetflixAccessible
    SpotifyAccessible
    PandoraLimited; some IP ranges are blocked
    YouTube MusicAccessible
    HuluAccessible
    Disney+Accessible
    Google SearchMay encounter CAPTCHA
    ChatGPTLimited; some IP ranges are blocked
    YouTubeAccessible

    When you are connected to ProtonVPN, who’s servers are you really using? I tested over 50 ProtonVPN servers and found that 36% use M247, 27% use Datacamp Limited, 10% use Datacamp Limited UK, 8% use Estnoc Global, 5% use FDC Servers, 5% use GSL Networks, and the remaining servers use Packet Exchange, and Intergrid. In a recent AMA on reddit, ProtonVPN stated the reason they utilize M247 so heavily is due to cost efficiency and being able to support the freemium model:

    Comment
    byu/protonvpn from discussion
    inIAmA

    ProtonVPN Network Overview

    Stealth Protocol vs WireGuard

    WireGuard and ProtonVPN’s Stealth protocol are both designed to provide security for internet users, but they have different features and levels of security.

    In terms of security, WireGuard uses the latest encryption standards, including the ChaCha20 encryption algorithm and the Poly1305 message authentication code (MAC). These encryption standards are considered to be highly secure and provide a high level of protection for users’ online activities.

    ProtonVPN’s Stealth protocol, on the other hand, uses the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption, which is commonly used to secure connections to websites. It also uses obfuscation techniques to make it appear as if you are accessing a secured website, rather than connecting to a VPN server. This makes it difficult for firewalls and censorship systems to detect and block your VPN connection.

    In terms of performance, WireGuard is generally faster than ProtonVPN’s Stealth protocol, as the latter adds an extra layer of encryption and obfuscation that can slow down the connection.

    In conclusion, both WireGuard and ProtonVPN’s Stealth protocol provide a high level of security, but they approach security in different ways. WireGuard focuses on fast and efficient encryption, while ProtonVPN’s Stealth VPN provides an extra layer of obfuscation to help users bypass firewalls and censorship systems. The choice between the two will depend on the specific security needs and requirements of the user.

    Audits

    ProtonVPN has undergone several independent audits to verify the security and privacy of its service. In 2018, ProtonVPN commissioned Cure53, a leading cybersecurity firm based in Berlin, Germany, to perform a security audit of its infrastructure and client software. The audit found that ProtonVPN’s security practices were in line with industry standards, and it did not identify any major security vulnerabilities.

    In 2020, ProtonVPN commissioned the independent cybersecurity firm X41 D-Sec to perform a comprehensive security assessment of its infrastructure and client software. The assessment found that ProtonVPN’s security practices were “exemplary” and that the company had “a clear commitment to the security and privacy of their users.”

    ProtonVPN has also undergone a transparency report audit by the firm KPMG, which verified that the company does not collect or store any personal information or metadata about its users.

    Overall, the independent audits of ProtonVPN have found that the service is secure and privacy-protective.

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  • Mozilla VPN

    Mozilla VPN

    When you are using Mozilla VPN, whose servers are you really using? According to my research, Mozilla leases hardware from a few different well known providers such as Datacamp Limited, Tzulo, 31173 Services, and xTom.

    Some people are drawn towards Mozilla VPN because they are already familiar with Mozilla’s Firefox browser and so the name is familiar. Mozilla has a proven track record of advocating for individual privacy and taking great measures to enhance their users’ privacy online. Some, however, do not like to keep all their eggs in one basket as the saying goes so they choose to keep their browser and VPN company separate.

    Mozilla VPN’s server coverage consists of over 400 servers placed in around 40 locations, which isn’t as big as some other competitors but it should be enough for most users. More experienced users will be glad to know that Mozilla VPN uses the same servers as Mullvad, which is another well-known and trusted brand. Mozilla VPN only uses WireGuard protocol, the absolute best for performance and security.

    Network Overview

    P2P is supported and you can even use a multi-hop VPN that allows you to enter from one location and exit from another, which keeps your location even more secure.

    Features include a kill switch that can be set to deploy in the event that the VPN drops out. However, if this advanced-level security isn’t required for all your tasks, split tunneling ensures you can carry on browsing using a standard connection too.

    Be aware that although Mozilla VPN works with up to five devices, they all need to be registered. So, if you’re already at the maximum capacity, you’ll need to deregister one of the devices before you can add another. Some providers, like KeepSolid VPN Unlimited, have similar rules, but most, like ExpressVPN, don’t force you to register a device before you can use it, which makes the process far simpler.

    Pricing is a pretty standard $9.99 for a monthly account which drops to $7.99 for a six month plan, or go for a full year and it’s the equivalent of $4.99 per month. All rather average then. However, you will benefit from a 30-day money-back guarantee with no hidden catches, so you can test the service to see if it fits.

  • TorGuard

    TorGuard

    Table of Contents

    TorGuard is a virtual private network (VPN) service that encrypts internet traffic and helps to secure online activity. It is designed to protect privacy and increase security, and is often used to bypass internet censorship and access blocked content. TorGuard is based in the United States and was founded in 2012. In addition to its VPN service, the company also offers proxy services and anonymous email. TorGuard claims to have servers in over 50 countries and to support a wide range of devices and platforms, including Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS, Android, and routers.

    According to TorGuard’s website and privacy policy, the company does not keep logs of its users’ online activity or IP addresses. TorGuard states that it has a strict no-log policy, which means that it does not collect or store any information about its users’ online activity or IP addresses. This is intended to protect the privacy and security of TorGuard’s users. It’s worth noting that VPNs can be subject to government and law enforcement requests for user data, and a VPN company’s no-log policy may not necessarily protect users in all cases. However, in the absence of any logs, a VPN company like TorGuard would not have any information to provide to third parties if requested.

    Network Overview

    2019 Security Incident

    According to a report by PCMag, NordVPN and TorGuard were hit by hacks involving insecure servers. The server did not contain user activity logs, but the hacker stole a Transport Layer Security key, which temporarily opened the door for a ‘man in the middle’ attack. The hackers may have also gained root access to the server, enabling them to potentially view and modify VPN traffic. NordVPN says that the attacker was able to nab the Transport Layer Security key that is used to verify that a site is actually run by NordVPN. TorGuard said that it manages its certificate authority and keys in-house and that its VPN or proxy traffic was not compromised during an isolated breach of a single VPN server and no sensitive information was compromised during this incident.

    Global Coverage

    TorGuard’s VPN service demonstrates a measure of global reach, with servers located in 34 countries. However, the number of servers per location is relatively modest, leading to less robust representation in each of the countries. The most prominent presence is in the United States, with 54 servers, which, although beneficial for users specifically seeking connections within this region, may not provide the most comprehensive access or optimal speeds for users desiring connections in other areas.

    Upon applying the Global Diversity Index (GDI) – a scoring system designed to assess the geographical spread of VPN server locations – TorGuard achieves a score of 45 out of 100. This rating is influenced by the geographic diversity of server locations, the number of servers within these locations, and the global coverage of the service.

    In constructing the GDI, several key factors are taken into account. The breadth of geographic representation is vital – providers with a greater number of countries covered generally score higher. The quantity of servers within each country is another crucial element, as a higher server count often equates to increased connection stability and potentially faster speeds. Furthermore, we consider the presence in regions typically underrepresented in VPN services, such as Africa and South America, as indicative of truly global coverage.

    Thus, while TorGuard demonstrates a degree of global presence, the relative scarcity of servers within each location impacts its overall GDI score. It’s essential to reiterate, however, that the GDI score represents just one dimension of evaluating a VPN service, and users should also consider factors such as privacy policies, speed, security features, and customer support in making their choice.

  • NordVPN

    NordVPN

    NordVPN is a Virtual Private Network (VPN) service provider that was founded in 2012 by four childhood friends in Panama. The company is now headquartered in Cyprus, with offices in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Lithuania. NordVPN is one of the most well-known VPNs in the market, and this is due to their extensive advertising on various platforms, including YouTube. NordVPN’s ads feature catchy taglines and famous personalities, making them one of the most recognizable VPN brands in the market.

    But just because NordVPN is based in Panama, that doesn’t mean their servers are. After testing around 6,700 servers used by NordVPN, I concluded that NordVPN servers predominantly use Datacamp Limited, M247, Clouvider, and Hydra Communications. It is worth noting that NordVPN does own and operate about 10% of their servers which are operated under the business name Tefincom.

    NordVPN Privacy Policy

    The privacy policy and terms of service are one key way a VPN provider can put their money where their mouth is. Afterall, a service can make whatever claims they want, but the truth lies in their policies. NordVPN has one of the worst privacy policies and acceptable use policies I’ve ever seen. First, in their ToS they stipulate that you are not to use NordVPN for anything that that they as a company would find inappropriate or offensive.

    • communicate, transmit, store, make available, share anything that is illegal, abusive, harassing, or otherwise objectionable (objectionable means anything which interferes with the rights of Nord, its users, or other third parties, or causes conditions that are dangerous, hazardous, and detrimental to others, or anything that most users and/or Nord would find to be offensive or inappropriate);

    Further, it goes on to suggest that using their service to bypass georestrictions is also against their ToS:

    • attempt to circumvent any technological measure and/or arrangement implemented by Nord and/or its licensors, or by the owner of the resource or the source of the material that the technological measure protects;

    • violate general ethical or moral norms, good customs, and fair conduct norms;

    Their privacy policy isn’t much better. It states that they will retain your billing information for ten years, and even worse, will retain your data if they receive a court order or subpoena:

    (ii) Nord also may retain information associated with you (e.g., payments data) in order to fulfill its obligations as required by applicable laws, regulations, court orders, subpoenas, or other legal processes for archival purposes.

    Lack of transparency

    One of the most well-known players in the VPN industry, has faced its fair share of controversy over the past few years. While it maintains a significant user base and performs admirably in various audits, numerous concerns have emerged about the company’s privacy practices, integrity, and security.

    One of the most glaring concerns revolves around a data breach that occurred in 2019. An attacker managed to gain access to a server by exploiting an insecure remote management system left by the data center provider. This incident, which went undisclosed by NordVPN until highlighted by a third party, is a clear violation of trust, raising valid concerns over the VPN provider’s transparency.

    Moreover, NordVPN’s relationship with Tesonet, a data-mining, analytics, SEO, and targeted marketing company, has been under scrutiny. Despite vehement initial denials, NordVPN finally admitted to this association, only to downplay its relevance. This admission further exacerbates concerns over user privacy, considering Tesonet’s activities.

    Adding fuel to the fire, NordVPN has been discovered to be based out of Lithuania, a country with mandatory data retention laws. This revelation contradicts the company’s claim of being registered in Panama, a known privacy-friendly jurisdiction, thus eroding trust.

    NordVPN’s partnership with Hola VPN, which was involved in forming a data mining botnet, and its alleged theft of technology from Hola VPN further draws into question the company’s ethics. It’s important to note that Hola VPN has been widely criticized for its own practices, which makes its association with NordVPN disconcerting.

    Several troubling practices have also surfaced relating to NordVPN’s marketing and sales techniques. The company has been accused of engaging in price discrimination, making it difficult for users to cancel auto-renewal, and reducing features for those who cancel auto-renewal. There are also reports of NordVPN sharing data with Facebook and leaking sensitive customer data.

    Adding to these controversies, NordVPN has been accused of blackmailing competitor TorGuard and has faced criticism from a UK-based watchdog for misleading marketing. It also reportedly sent cease-and-desist copyright claims to Njalla, further tarnishing its reputation.

    NordVPN’s wide-ranging sponsorship deals, which include football teams and numerous YouTubers, have also been called into question. Many believe these partnerships are incentivised by high affiliate commissions, which may be influencing the integrity of VPN reviews and recommendations.

    Despite the series of security audits that NordVPN has undergone, these revelations and practices suggest that trust and transparency are far from guaranteed. It’s crucial for users to conduct their due diligence and weigh the potential risks before choosing a VPN provider. The issues surrounding NordVPN serve as a sobering reminder that not all VPNs deliver on their promises of privacy and security.

    NordVPN, Surfshark, Denial

    NordVPN’s credibility was further strained when it was discovered that the company had ties to Surfshark, another popular VPN service. This discovery was unexpected and raised concerns given Surfshark’s track record.

    Surfshark has its share of controversies, which include system-level changes that persisted even after uninstallation, exposing user IPs and making them vulnerable. The company’s TrustDNS app has been implicated in data collection for advertising and marketing purposes. There’s also the issue of weak security, including the installation of risky root certificates on user devices.

    The link between NordVPN and Surfshark was initially and extensively denied by both entities. However, they eventually acknowledged their relationship, adding another layer to NordVPN’s complicated narrative. The merger between these two was officially announced, which startled users who were relying on these services for anonymity and security.

    These revelations not only shed light on NordVPN and Surfshark’s questionable practices but also underscore the need for users to question the transparency of VPN services. It’s essential to keep in mind that the practices of these companies can directly impact user privacy and security. Therefore, users must stay informed about the operations of their chosen VPN services.

    In the end, the core of the VPN business relies on trust, and the denial and eventual admission of the connection between NordVPN and Surfshark is a blatant breach of that trust. It highlights the need for vigilance and constant scrutiny of companies that promise to protect our digital rights and freedom.

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